Commercial Aircraft Batteries are used to start engines while initiating taxiing and auxiliary power units (APUs) for a variety of functions, such as acting as a buffer in regulating DC network voltage, and ensuring acceptable power quality for the equipment connected to it. In case of in-flight general electrical failure, the aircraft depends on batteries to power the essential loads until landing and evacuation.
Among all types of batteries used, Li-ion batteries are gaining momentum for their application in commercial aircraft and are growing rapidly in the battery market.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS), with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS). This report contains market size and forecasts of Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) in global, including the following market information:
Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2024-2030, ($ millions)
Global top five companies in 2022 (%)
The global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) market was valued at US$ 144.3 million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ 161.5 million by 2029, at a CAGR of 1.6% during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
At present, there are a few manufacturers in the world and the market concentration is high. The top5 revenue companies are Concorde Battery, Cella Energy, Saft, Gill Battery and EaglePitcher. The five companies occupy about 75% of the market share.
We surveyed the Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) companies, and industry experts on this industry, involving the revenue, demand, product type, recent developments and plans, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2024-2030 ($ millions)
Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
Centralized
Modular
Distributed
Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2024-2030 ($ millions)
Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
OEM
Aftermarket
Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2024-2030 ($ Millions)
Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Concorde Battery
MarathonNorco Aerospace
Saft
Acme Aerospace
EaglePicher Technologies
Kanto Aircraft Instrument
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS), market overview.
Chapter 2: Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) market size in revenue.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) company competitive landscape, revenue and market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: The main points and conclusions of the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size: 2022 VS 2030
2.2 Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2030
2.3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
2.3.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
2.3.3 Market Restraints
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue by Companies
3.4 Top 3 and Top 5 Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.5 Global Companies Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Product Type
3.6 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Players in Global Market
3.6.1 List of Global Tier 1 Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Companies
3.6.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Companies
4 Market Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2030
4.1.2 Centralized
4.1.3 Modular
4.1.4 Distributed
4.2 By Type - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, 2024-2030
4.2.3 By Type - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2022 & 2030
5.1.2 OEM
5.1.3 Aftermarket
5.2 By Application - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, 2024-2030
5.2.3 By Application - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2022 & 2030
6.2 By Region - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, 2024-2030
6.2.3 By Region - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
6.3 North America
6.3.1 By Country - North America Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, 2018-2030
6.3.2 US Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.3.3 Canada Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.3.4 Mexico Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 By Country - Europe Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, 2018-2030
6.4.2 Germany Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.3 France Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.4 U.K. Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.5 Italy Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.6 Russia Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.7 Nordic Countries Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.8 Benelux Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5 Asia
6.5.1 By Region - Asia Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, 2018-2030
6.5.2 China Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.3 Japan Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.4 South Korea Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.5 Southeast Asia Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.6 India Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6 South America
6.6.1 By Country - South America Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, 2018-2030
6.6.2 Brazil Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.3 Argentina Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7 Middle East & Africa
6.7.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, 2018-2030
6.7.2 Turkey Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.3 Israel Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.4 Saudi Arabia Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.5 UAE Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size, 2018-2030
7 Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Companies Profiles
7.1 Concorde Battery
7.1.1 Concorde Battery Company Summary
7.1.2 Concorde Battery Business Overview
7.1.3 Concorde Battery Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Concorde Battery Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Concorde Battery Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 MarathonNorco Aerospace
7.2.1 MarathonNorco Aerospace Company Summary
7.2.2 MarathonNorco Aerospace Business Overview
7.2.3 MarathonNorco Aerospace Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 MarathonNorco Aerospace Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.2.5 MarathonNorco Aerospace Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Saft
7.3.1 Saft Company Summary
7.3.2 Saft Business Overview
7.3.3 Saft Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Saft Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Saft Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Acme Aerospace
7.4.1 Acme Aerospace Company Summary
7.4.2 Acme Aerospace Business Overview
7.4.3 Acme Aerospace Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Acme Aerospace Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Acme Aerospace Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 EaglePicher Technologies
7.5.1 EaglePicher Technologies Company Summary
7.5.2 EaglePicher Technologies Business Overview
7.5.3 EaglePicher Technologies Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 EaglePicher Technologies Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.5.5 EaglePicher Technologies Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Kanto Aircraft Instrument
7.6.1 Kanto Aircraft Instrument Company Summary
7.6.2 Kanto Aircraft Instrument Business Overview
7.6.3 Kanto Aircraft Instrument Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Kanto Aircraft Instrument Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Kanto Aircraft Instrument Key News & Latest Developments
8 Conclusion
9 Appendix
9.1 Note
9.2 Examples of Clients
9.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 2. Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 3. Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 4. Key Players of Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) in Global Market
Table 5. Top Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 6. Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 7. Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 8. Global Companies Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 12. By Type - Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 14. By Application ? Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 15. By Application - Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 16. By Application - Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 17. By Region ? Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 18. By Region - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 19. By Region - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 20. By Country - North America Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 21. By Country - North America Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 22. By Country - Europe Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Country - Europe Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 24. By Region - Asia Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Asia Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 26. By Country - South America Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - South America Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 28. By Country - Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 30. Concorde Battery Company Summary
Table 31. Concorde Battery Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Product Offerings
Table 32. Concorde Battery Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 33. Concorde Battery Key News & Latest Developments
Table 34. MarathonNorco Aerospace Company Summary
Table 35. MarathonNorco Aerospace Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Product Offerings
Table 36. MarathonNorco Aerospace Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 37. MarathonNorco Aerospace Key News & Latest Developments
Table 38. Saft Company Summary
Table 39. Saft Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Product Offerings
Table 40. Saft Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 41. Saft Key News & Latest Developments
Table 42. Acme Aerospace Company Summary
Table 43. Acme Aerospace Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Product Offerings
Table 44. Acme Aerospace Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 45. Acme Aerospace Key News & Latest Developments
Table 46. EaglePicher Technologies Company Summary
Table 47. EaglePicher Technologies Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Product Offerings
Table 48. EaglePicher Technologies Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 49. EaglePicher Technologies Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Kanto Aircraft Instrument Company Summary
Table 51. Kanto Aircraft Instrument Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Product Offerings
Table 52. Kanto Aircraft Instrument Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 53. Kanto Aircraft Instrument Key News & Latest Developments
List of Figures
Figure 1. Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Market Size: 2022 VS 2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, 2018-2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue in 2022
Figure 8. By Type - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 9. By Application - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 10. By Type - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 11. By Type - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 12. By Application - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 13. By Application - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 14. By Region - Global Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 15. By Country - North America Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 16. US Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 17. Canada Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 18. Mexico Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 19. By Country - Europe Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 20. Germany Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 21. France Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 22. U.K. Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 23. Italy Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 24. Russia Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 25. Nordic Countries Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 26. Benelux Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 27. By Region - Asia Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 28. China Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 29. Japan Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 30. South Korea Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 31. Southeast Asia Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 32. India Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 33. By Country - South America Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 34. Brazil Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 35. Argentina Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 36. By Country - Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 37. Turkey Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 38. Israel Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 39. Saudi Arabia Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 40. UAE Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 41. Concorde Battery Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 42. MarathonNorco Aerospace Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 43. Saft Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 44. Acme Aerospace Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 45. EaglePicher Technologies Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 46. Kanto Aircraft Instrument Commercial Aircraft Battery Management System (BMS) Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
