Crown ethers are cyclic chemical compounds that consist of a ring containing several ether groups. The most common crown ethers are cyclic oligomers of ethylene oxide, the repeating unit being ethyleneoxy, i.e., ?CH2CH2O?.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Crown Ethers, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Crown Ethers. This report contains market size and forecasts of Crown Ethers in global, including the following market information:
Global Crown Ethers Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2024-2030, ($ millions)
Global Crown Ethers Market Sales, 2018-2023, 2024-2030, (Ton)
Global top five Crown Ethers companies in 2022 (%)
The global Crown Ethers market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2022, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million.
18-Crown Ether-6 Segment to Reach $ Million by 2029, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of Crown Ethers include Nippon Soda, Kente Catalysts, Jiangyin Lanyu chemical, HEROCHEM and Anson Chemical Industries, etc. in 2022, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
We surveyed the Crown Ethers manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Crown Ethers Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2024-2030 ($ Millions) & (Ton)
Global Crown Ethers Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
18-Crown Ether-6
15-Crown Ether-5
Other
Global Crown Ethers Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2024-2030 ($ Millions) & (Ton)
Global Crown Ethers Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
Catalyst
Extraction Solvent
Conductive Material
Other
Global Crown Ethers Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2024-2030 ($ Millions) & (Ton)
Global Crown Ethers Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies Crown Ethers revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Crown Ethers revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Key companies Crown Ethers sales in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), (Ton)
Key companies Crown Ethers sales share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Nippon Soda
Kente Catalysts
Jiangyin Lanyu chemical
HEROCHEM
Anson Chemical Industries
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of Crown Ethers, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global Crown Ethers market size in revenue and volume.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Crown Ethers manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of Crown Ethers in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Global Crown Ethers capacity by region & country.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 11: The main points and conclusions of the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Crown Ethers Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Crown Ethers Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Crown Ethers Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Crown Ethers Market Size: 2022 VS 2030
2.2 Global Crown Ethers Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2030
2.3 Global Crown Ethers Sales: 2018-2030
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Crown Ethers Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Crown Ethers Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Crown Ethers Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Crown Ethers Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Crown Ethers Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Crown Ethers Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Crown Ethers Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Crown Ethers Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Crown Ethers Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Crown Ethers Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Crown Ethers Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2030
4.1.2 18-Crown Ether-6
4.1.3 15-Crown Ether-5
4.1.4 Other
4.2 By Type - Global Crown Ethers Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Crown Ethers Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Crown Ethers Revenue, 2024-2030
4.2.3 By Type - Global Crown Ethers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
4.3 By Type - Global Crown Ethers Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Crown Ethers Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global Crown Ethers Sales, 2024-2030
4.3.3 By Type - Global Crown Ethers Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
4.4 By Type - Global Crown Ethers Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2030
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Crown Ethers Market Size, 2022 & 2030
5.1.2 Catalyst
5.1.3 Extraction Solvent
5.1.4 Conductive Material
5.1.5 Other
5.2 By Application - Global Crown Ethers Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Crown Ethers Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Crown Ethers Revenue, 2024-2030
5.2.3 By Application - Global Crown Ethers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
5.3 By Application - Global Crown Ethers Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Crown Ethers Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global Crown Ethers Sales, 2024-2030
5.3.3 By Application - Global Crown Ethers Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
5.4 By Application - Global Crown Ethers Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2030
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Crown Ethers Market Size, 2022 & 2030
6.2 By Region - Global Crown Ethers Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Crown Ethers Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Crown Ethers Revenue, 2024-2030
6.2.3 By Region - Global Crown Ethers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
6.3 By Region - Global Crown Ethers Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Crown Ethers Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global Crown Ethers Sales, 2024-2030
6.3.3 By Region - Global Crown Ethers Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Crown Ethers Revenue, 2018-2030
6.4.2 By Country - North America Crown Ethers Sales, 2018-2030
6.4.3 US Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.4 Canada Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.5 Mexico Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Crown Ethers Revenue, 2018-2030
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Crown Ethers Sales, 2018-2030
6.5.3 Germany Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.4 France Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.5 U.K. Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.6 Italy Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.7 Russia Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.9 Benelux Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Crown Ethers Revenue, 2018-2030
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Crown Ethers Sales, 2018-2030
6.6.3 China Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.4 Japan Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.5 South Korea Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.7 India Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Crown Ethers Revenue, 2018-2030
6.7.2 By Country - South America Crown Ethers Sales, 2018-2030
6.7.3 Brazil Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.4 Argentina Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Crown Ethers Revenue, 2018-2030
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Crown Ethers Sales, 2018-2030
6.8.3 Turkey Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.4 Israel Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.6 UAE Crown Ethers Market Size, 2018-2030
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Nippon Soda
7.1.1 Nippon Soda Company Summary
7.1.2 Nippon Soda Business Overview
7.1.3 Nippon Soda Crown Ethers Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Nippon Soda Crown Ethers Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Nippon Soda Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Kente Catalysts
7.2.1 Kente Catalysts Company Summary
7.2.2 Kente Catalysts Business Overview
7.2.3 Kente Catalysts Crown Ethers Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Kente Catalysts Crown Ethers Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Kente Catalysts Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Jiangyin Lanyu chemical
7.3.1 Jiangyin Lanyu chemical Company Summary
7.3.2 Jiangyin Lanyu chemical Business Overview
7.3.3 Jiangyin Lanyu chemical Crown Ethers Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Jiangyin Lanyu chemical Crown Ethers Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Jiangyin Lanyu chemical Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 HEROCHEM
7.4.1 HEROCHEM Company Summary
7.4.2 HEROCHEM Business Overview
7.4.3 HEROCHEM Crown Ethers Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 HEROCHEM Crown Ethers Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 HEROCHEM Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Anson Chemical Industries
7.5.1 Anson Chemical Industries Company Summary
7.5.2 Anson Chemical Industries Business Overview
7.5.3 Anson Chemical Industries Crown Ethers Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Anson Chemical Industries Crown Ethers Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Anson Chemical Industries Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Crown Ethers Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Crown Ethers Production Capacity, 2018-2030
8.2 Crown Ethers Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Crown Ethers Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Crown Ethers Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Crown Ethers Industry Value Chain
10.2 Crown Ethers Upstream Market
10.3 Crown Ethers Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Crown Ethers Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Crown Ethers in Global Market
Table 2. Top Crown Ethers Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Crown Ethers Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Crown Ethers Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Crown Ethers Sales by Companies, (Ton), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Crown Ethers Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Crown Ethers Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Ton)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Crown Ethers Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Crown Ethers Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Crown Ethers Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 12. By Type - Global Crown Ethers Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Crown Ethers Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 14. By Type - Global Crown Ethers Sales (Ton), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Crown Ethers Sales (Ton), 2024-2030
Table 16. By Application ? Global Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 17. By Application - Global Crown Ethers Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Crown Ethers Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 19. By Application - Global Crown Ethers Sales (Ton), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Crown Ethers Sales (Ton), 2024-2030
Table 21. By Region ? Global Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2030
Table 22. By Region - Global Crown Ethers Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Crown Ethers Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 24. By Region - Global Crown Ethers Sales (Ton), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Crown Ethers Sales (Ton), 2024-2030
Table 26. By Country - North America Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 28. By Country - North America Crown Ethers Sales, (Ton), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Crown Ethers Sales, (Ton), 2024-2030
Table 30. By Country - Europe Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 32. By Country - Europe Crown Ethers Sales, (Ton), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Crown Ethers Sales, (Ton), 2024-2030
Table 34. By Region - Asia Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 36. By Region - Asia Crown Ethers Sales, (Ton), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Crown Ethers Sales, (Ton), 2024-2030
Table 38. By Country - South America Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 40. By Country - South America Crown Ethers Sales, (Ton), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Crown Ethers Sales, (Ton), 2024-2030
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Crown Ethers Sales, (Ton), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Crown Ethers Sales, (Ton), 2024-2030
Table 46. Nippon Soda Company Summary
Table 47. Nippon Soda Crown Ethers Product Offerings
Table 48. Nippon Soda Crown Ethers Sales (Ton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Nippon Soda Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Kente Catalysts Company Summary
Table 51. Kente Catalysts Crown Ethers Product Offerings
Table 52. Kente Catalysts Crown Ethers Sales (Ton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Kente Catalysts Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Jiangyin Lanyu chemical Company Summary
Table 55. Jiangyin Lanyu chemical Crown Ethers Product Offerings
Table 56. Jiangyin Lanyu chemical Crown Ethers Sales (Ton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 57. Jiangyin Lanyu chemical Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. HEROCHEM Company Summary
Table 59. HEROCHEM Crown Ethers Product Offerings
Table 60. HEROCHEM Crown Ethers Sales (Ton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 61. HEROCHEM Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Anson Chemical Industries Company Summary
Table 63. Anson Chemical Industries Crown Ethers Product Offerings
Table 64. Anson Chemical Industries Crown Ethers Sales (Ton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 65. Anson Chemical Industries Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Crown Ethers Production Capacity (Ton) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (Ton)
Table 67. Global Crown Ethers Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 68. Global Crown Ethers Production by Region, 2018-2023 (Ton)
Table 69. Global Crown Ethers Production by Region, 2024-2030 (Ton)
Table 70. Crown Ethers Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 71. Crown Ethers Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 72. Crown Ethers Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 73. Crown Ethers Raw Materials
Table 74. Crown Ethers Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 75. Typical Crown Ethers Downstream
Table 76. Crown Ethers Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 77. Crown Ethers Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Crown Ethers Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Crown Ethers Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Crown Ethers Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Crown Ethers Market Size: 2022 VS 2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Crown Ethers Revenue, 2018-2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Crown Ethers Sales in Global Market: 2018-2030 (Ton)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Crown Ethers Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 10. By Type - Global Crown Ethers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 11. By Type - Global Crown Ethers Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 12. By Type - Global Crown Ethers Price (US$/Ton), 2018-2030
Figure 13. By Application - Global Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 14. By Application - Global Crown Ethers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 15. By Application - Global Crown Ethers Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 16. By Application - Global Crown Ethers Price (US$/Ton), 2018-2030
Figure 17. By Region - Global Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 18. By Region - Global Crown Ethers Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2030
Figure 19. By Region - Global Crown Ethers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 20. By Region - Global Crown Ethers Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 21. By Country - North America Crown Ethers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 22. By Country - North America Crown Ethers Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 23. US Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 24. Canada Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 25. Mexico Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Crown Ethers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Crown Ethers Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 28. Germany Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 29. France Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 30. U.K. Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 31. Italy Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 32. Russia Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 34. Benelux Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Crown Ethers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Crown Ethers Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 37. China Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 38. Japan Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 39. South Korea Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 41. India Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 42. By Country - South America Crown Ethers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 43. By Country - South America Crown Ethers Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 44. Brazil Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 45. Argentina Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Crown Ethers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Crown Ethers Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 48. Turkey Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 49. Israel Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 51. UAE Crown Ethers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 52. Global Crown Ethers Production Capacity (Ton), 2018-2030
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Crown Ethers by Region, 2022 VS 2030
Figure 54. Crown Ethers Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels
