This report contains market size and forecasts of Heat Indicating Paint in global, including the following market information:
- Global Heat Indicating Paint Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2023-2030, ($ millions)
- Global Heat Indicating Paint Market Sales, 2018-2023, 2023-2030, (Tons)
Global top five Heat Indicating Paint companies in 2022 (%)
The global Heat Indicating Paint market was valued at million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2023-2030.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2022, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2030.
Reversible Segment to Reach $ Million by 2030, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of Heat Indicating Paint include Indestructible Paint, TMC Hallcrest, thenex GmbH, McMaster, Dampney, Temperature Controls and Tempilaq, etc. In 2022, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
We surveyed the Heat Indicating Paint manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Heat Indicating Paint Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2023-2030 ($ Millions) & (Tons)
Global Heat Indicating Paint Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
Global Heat Indicating Paint Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2023-2030 ($ Millions) & (Tons)
Global Heat Indicating Paint Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
- Medical Industry
- Chemical Industry
- Defense Industry
- Others
Global Heat Indicating Paint Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2023-2030 ($ Millions) & (Tons)
Global Heat Indicating Paint Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
- North America
- US
- Canada
- Mexico
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- U.K.
- Italy
- Russia
- Nordic Countries
- Benelux
- Rest of Europe
- Asia
- China
- Japan
- South Korea
- Southeast Asia
- India
- Rest of Asia
- South America
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Rest of South America
- Middle East & Africa
- Turkey
- Israel
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
- Key companies Heat Indicating Paint revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), ($ millions)
- Key companies Heat Indicating Paint revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
- Key companies Heat Indicating Paint sales in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), (Tons)
- Key companies Heat Indicating Paint sales share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
- Indestructible Paint
- TMC Hallcrest
- thenex GmbH
- McMaster
- Dampney
- Temperature Controls
- Tempilaq
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Heat Indicating Paint Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Heat Indicating Paint Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Heat Indicating Paint Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Heat Indicating Paint Market Size: 2022 VS 2030
2.2 Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2030
2.3 Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales: 2018-2030
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Heat Indicating Paint Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Heat Indicating Paint Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Heat Indicating Paint Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Heat Indicating Paint Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Heat Indicating Paint Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Heat Indicating Paint Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Heat Indicating Paint Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Heat Indicating Paint Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2030
4.1.2 Reversible
4.1.3 Irreversible
4.2 By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, 2023-2030
4.2.3 By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
4.3 By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales, 2023-2030
4.3.3 By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
4.4 By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2030
5 Sights By Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2022 & 2030
5.1.2 Medical Industry
5.1.3 Chemical Industry
5.1.4 Defense Industry
5.1.5 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, 2023-2030
5.2.3 By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
5.3 By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales, 2023-2030
5.3.3 By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
5.4 By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2030
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2022 & 2030
6.2 By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, 2023-2030
6.2.3 By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
6.3 By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales, 2023-2030
6.3.3 By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, 2018-2030
6.4.2 By Country - North America Heat Indicating Paint Sales, 2018-2030
6.4.3 US Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.4 Canada Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.5 Mexico Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, 2018-2030
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Heat Indicating Paint Sales, 2018-2030
6.5.3 Germany Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.4 France Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.5 U.K. Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.6 Italy Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.7 Russia Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.9 Benelux Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, 2018-2030
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Heat Indicating Paint Sales, 2018-2030
6.6.3 China Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.4 Japan Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.5 South Korea Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.7 India Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, 2018-2030
6.7.2 By Country - South America Heat Indicating Paint Sales, 2018-2030
6.7.3 Brazil Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.4 Argentina Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, 2018-2030
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Heat Indicating Paint Sales, 2018-2030
6.8.3 Turkey Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.4 Israel Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.6 UAE Heat Indicating Paint Market Size, 2018-2030
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Indestructible Paint
7.1.1 Indestructible Paint Corporate Summary
7.1.2 Indestructible Paint Business Overview
7.1.3 Indestructible Paint Heat Indicating Paint Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Indestructible Paint Heat Indicating Paint Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Indestructible Paint Key News
7.2 TMC Hallcrest
7.2.1 TMC Hallcrest Corporate Summary
7.2.2 TMC Hallcrest Business Overview
7.2.3 TMC Hallcrest Heat Indicating Paint Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 TMC Hallcrest Heat Indicating Paint Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 TMC Hallcrest Key News
7.3 thenex GmbH
7.3.1 thenex GmbH Corporate Summary
7.3.2 thenex GmbH Business Overview
7.3.3 thenex GmbH Heat Indicating Paint Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 thenex GmbH Heat Indicating Paint Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 thenex GmbH Key News
7.4 McMaster
7.4.1 McMaster Corporate Summary
7.4.2 McMaster Business Overview
7.4.3 McMaster Heat Indicating Paint Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 McMaster Heat Indicating Paint Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 McMaster Key News
7.5 Dampney
7.5.1 Dampney Corporate Summary
7.5.2 Dampney Business Overview
7.5.3 Dampney Heat Indicating Paint Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Dampney Heat Indicating Paint Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Dampney Key News
7.6 Temperature Controls
7.6.1 Temperature Controls Corporate Summary
7.6.2 Temperature Controls Business Overview
7.6.3 Temperature Controls Heat Indicating Paint Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Temperature Controls Heat Indicating Paint Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Temperature Controls Key News
7.7 Tempilaq
7.7.1 Tempilaq Corporate Summary
7.7.2 Tempilaq Business Overview
7.7.3 Tempilaq Heat Indicating Paint Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Tempilaq Heat Indicating Paint Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Tempilaq Key News
8 Global Heat Indicating Paint Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Heat Indicating Paint Production Capacity, 2018-2030
8.2 Heat Indicating Paint Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Heat Indicating Paint Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Heat Indicating Paint Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Heat Indicating Paint Industry Value Chain
10.2 Heat Indicating Paint Upstream Market
10.3 Heat Indicating Paint Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Heat Indicating Paint Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Heat Indicating Paint in Global Market
Table 2. Top Heat Indicating Paint Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales by Companies, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Heat Indicating Paint Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Ton)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Heat Indicating Paint Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Heat Indicating Paint Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Heat Indicating Paint Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 12. By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 14. By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales (Tons), 2023-2030
Table 16. By Application ? Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 17. By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 19. By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales (Tons), 2023-2030
Table 21. By Region ? Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2030
Table 22. By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 24. By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales (Tons), 2023-2030
Table 26. By Country - North America Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 28. By Country - North America Heat Indicating Paint Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Heat Indicating Paint Sales, (Tons), 2023-2030
Table 30. By Country - Europe Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 32. By Country - Europe Heat Indicating Paint Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Heat Indicating Paint Sales, (Tons), 2023-2030
Table 34. By Region - Asia Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 36. By Region - Asia Heat Indicating Paint Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Heat Indicating Paint Sales, (Tons), 2023-2030
Table 38. By Country - South America Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 40. By Country - South America Heat Indicating Paint Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Heat Indicating Paint Sales, (Tons), 2023-2030
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Heat Indicating Paint Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Heat Indicating Paint Sales, (Tons), 2023-2030
Table 46. Indestructible Paint Corporate Summary
Table 47. Indestructible Paint Heat Indicating Paint Product Offerings
Table 48. Indestructible Paint Heat Indicating Paint Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 49. TMC Hallcrest Corporate Summary
Table 50. TMC Hallcrest Heat Indicating Paint Product Offerings
Table 51. TMC Hallcrest Heat Indicating Paint Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 52. thenex GmbH Corporate Summary
Table 53. thenex GmbH Heat Indicating Paint Product Offerings
Table 54. thenex GmbH Heat Indicating Paint Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 55. McMaster Corporate Summary
Table 56. McMaster Heat Indicating Paint Product Offerings
Table 57. McMaster Heat Indicating Paint Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 58. Dampney Corporate Summary
Table 59. Dampney Heat Indicating Paint Product Offerings
Table 60. Dampney Heat Indicating Paint Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Temperature Controls Corporate Summary
Table 62. Temperature Controls Heat Indicating Paint Product Offerings
Table 63. Temperature Controls Heat Indicating Paint Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 64. Tempilaq Corporate Summary
Table 65. Tempilaq Heat Indicating Paint Product Offerings
Table 66. Tempilaq Heat Indicating Paint Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 67. Heat Indicating Paint Production Capacity (Tons) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2023 (Tons)
Table 68. Global Heat Indicating Paint Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2023
Table 69. Global Heat Indicating Paint Production by Region, 2018-2023 (Tons)
Table 70. Global Heat Indicating Paint Production by Region, 2023-2030 (Tons)
Table 71. Heat Indicating Paint Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 72. Heat Indicating Paint Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 73. Heat Indicating Paint Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 74. Heat Indicating Paint Raw Materials
Table 75. Heat Indicating Paint Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 76. Typical Heat Indicating Paint Downstream
Table 77. Heat Indicating Paint Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 78. Heat Indicating Paint Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Heat Indicating Paint Segment by Type
Figure 2. Heat Indicating Paint Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Heat Indicating Paint Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Heat Indicating Paint Market Size: 2022 VS 2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, 2018-2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Heat Indicating Paint Sales in Global Market: 2018-2030 (Tons)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Heat Indicating Paint Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 10. By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 11. By Type - Global Heat Indicating Paint Price (US$/Ton), 2018-2030
Figure 12. By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 13. By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 14. By Application - Global Heat Indicating Paint Price (US$/Ton), 2018-2030
Figure 15. By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 16. By Region - Global Heat Indicating Paint Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 17. By Country - North America Heat Indicating Paint Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 18. By Country - North America Heat Indicating Paint Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 19. US Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 20. Canada Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 21. Mexico Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Heat Indicating Paint Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Heat Indicating Paint Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 24. Germany Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 25. France Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 26. U.K. Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 27. Italy Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 28. Russia Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 30. Benelux Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Heat Indicating Paint Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Heat Indicating Paint Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 33. China Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 34. Japan Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 35. South Korea Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 37. India Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 38. By Country - South America Heat Indicating Paint Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 39. By Country - South America Heat Indicating Paint Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 40. Brazil Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 41. Argentina Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Heat Indicating Paint Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Heat Indicating Paint Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 44. Turkey Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 45. Israel Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 47. UAE Heat Indicating Paint Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 48. Global Heat Indicating Paint Production Capacity (Tons), 2018-2030
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Heat Indicating Paint by Region, 2022 VS 2030
Figure 50. Heat Indicating Paint Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels
