This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for High Purity Mercury, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding High Purity Mercury. This report contains market size and forecasts of High Purity Mercury in global, including the following market information:
Global High Purity Mercury Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2024-2029, ($ millions)
Global High Purity Mercury Market Sales, 2018-2023, 2024-2029, (K MT)
Global top five High Purity Mercury companies in 2022 (%)
The global High Purity Mercury market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2022, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million.
6N Segment to Reach $ Million by 2029, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of High Purity Mercury include ESPI Metals, Ophram, Westlake Chemical, Hanarotr and Pond Engineering Laboratories, etc. in 2022, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
We surveyed the High Purity Mercury manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global High Purity Mercury Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2024-2029 ($ Millions) & (K MT)
Global High Purity Mercury Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
6N
7N
9N
Other
Global High Purity Mercury Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2024-2029 ($ Millions) & (K MT)
Global High Purity Mercury Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
Microelectronics
Optronics
Other
Global High Purity Mercury Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2024-2029 ($ Millions) & (K MT)
Global High Purity Mercury Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies High Purity Mercury revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies High Purity Mercury revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Key companies High Purity Mercury sales in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), (K MT)
Key companies High Purity Mercury sales share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
ESPI Metals
Ophram
Westlake Chemical
Hanarotr
Pond Engineering Laboratories
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of High Purity Mercury, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global High Purity Mercury market size in revenue and volume.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of High Purity Mercury manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of High Purity Mercury in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Global High Purity Mercury capacity by region & country.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 11: The main points and conclusions of the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 High Purity Mercury Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global High Purity Mercury Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global High Purity Mercury Overall Market Size
2.1 Global High Purity Mercury Market Size: 2022 VS 2029
2.2 Global High Purity Mercury Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2029
2.3 Global High Purity Mercury Sales: 2018-2029
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top High Purity Mercury Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global High Purity Mercury Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global High Purity Mercury Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global High Purity Mercury Sales by Companies
3.5 Global High Purity Mercury Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 High Purity Mercury Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers High Purity Mercury Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 High Purity Mercury Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 High Purity Mercury Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 High Purity Mercury Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2029
4.1.2 6N
4.1.3 7N
4.1.4 9N
4.1.5 Other
4.2 By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue, 2024-2029
4.2.3 By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
4.3 By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Sales, 2024-2029
4.3.3 By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
4.4 By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2022 & 2029
5.1.2 Microelectronics
5.1.3 Optronics
5.1.4 Other
5.2 By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue, 2024-2029
5.2.3 By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
5.3 By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Sales, 2024-2029
5.3.3 By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
5.4 By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2022 & 2029
6.2 By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue, 2024-2029
6.2.3 By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6.3 By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Sales, 2024-2029
6.3.3 By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America High Purity Mercury Revenue, 2018-2029
6.4.2 By Country - North America High Purity Mercury Sales, 2018-2029
6.4.3 US High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.4 Canada High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.5 Mexico High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe High Purity Mercury Revenue, 2018-2029
6.5.2 By Country - Europe High Purity Mercury Sales, 2018-2029
6.5.3 Germany High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.4 France High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.5 U.K. High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.6 Italy High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.7 Russia High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.8 Nordic Countries High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.9 Benelux High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia High Purity Mercury Revenue, 2018-2029
6.6.2 By Region - Asia High Purity Mercury Sales, 2018-2029
6.6.3 China High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.4 Japan High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.5 South Korea High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.6 Southeast Asia High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.7 India High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America High Purity Mercury Revenue, 2018-2029
6.7.2 By Country - South America High Purity Mercury Sales, 2018-2029
6.7.3 Brazil High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.4 Argentina High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa High Purity Mercury Revenue, 2018-2029
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa High Purity Mercury Sales, 2018-2029
6.8.3 Turkey High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.4 Israel High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.6 UAE High Purity Mercury Market Size, 2018-2029
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 ESPI Metals
7.1.1 ESPI Metals Company Summary
7.1.2 ESPI Metals Business Overview
7.1.3 ESPI Metals High Purity Mercury Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 ESPI Metals High Purity Mercury Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 ESPI Metals Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Ophram
7.2.1 Ophram Company Summary
7.2.2 Ophram Business Overview
7.2.3 Ophram High Purity Mercury Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Ophram High Purity Mercury Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Ophram Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Westlake Chemical
7.3.1 Westlake Chemical Company Summary
7.3.2 Westlake Chemical Business Overview
7.3.3 Westlake Chemical High Purity Mercury Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Westlake Chemical High Purity Mercury Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Westlake Chemical Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Hanarotr
7.4.1 Hanarotr Company Summary
7.4.2 Hanarotr Business Overview
7.4.3 Hanarotr High Purity Mercury Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Hanarotr High Purity Mercury Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Hanarotr Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Pond Engineering Laboratories
7.5.1 Pond Engineering Laboratories Company Summary
7.5.2 Pond Engineering Laboratories Business Overview
7.5.3 Pond Engineering Laboratories High Purity Mercury Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Pond Engineering Laboratories High Purity Mercury Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Pond Engineering Laboratories Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global High Purity Mercury Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global High Purity Mercury Production Capacity, 2018-2029
8.2 High Purity Mercury Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global High Purity Mercury Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 High Purity Mercury Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 High Purity Mercury Industry Value Chain
10.2 High Purity Mercury Upstream Market
10.3 High Purity Mercury Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 High Purity Mercury Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of High Purity Mercury in Global Market
Table 2. Top High Purity Mercury Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global High Purity Mercury Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global High Purity Mercury Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global High Purity Mercury Sales by Companies, (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global High Purity Mercury Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers High Purity Mercury Price (2018-2023) & (USD/MT)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers High Purity Mercury Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 High Purity Mercury Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 High Purity Mercury Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 12. By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 14. By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Sales (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Sales (K MT), 2024-2029
Table 16. By Application ? Global High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 17. By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 19. By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Sales (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Sales (K MT), 2024-2029
Table 21. By Region ? Global High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2029
Table 22. By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 24. By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Sales (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Sales (K MT), 2024-2029
Table 26. By Country - North America High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 28. By Country - North America High Purity Mercury Sales, (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America High Purity Mercury Sales, (K MT), 2024-2029
Table 30. By Country - Europe High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 32. By Country - Europe High Purity Mercury Sales, (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe High Purity Mercury Sales, (K MT), 2024-2029
Table 34. By Region - Asia High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 36. By Region - Asia High Purity Mercury Sales, (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia High Purity Mercury Sales, (K MT), 2024-2029
Table 38. By Country - South America High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 40. By Country - South America High Purity Mercury Sales, (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America High Purity Mercury Sales, (K MT), 2024-2029
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa High Purity Mercury Sales, (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa High Purity Mercury Sales, (K MT), 2024-2029
Table 46. ESPI Metals Company Summary
Table 47. ESPI Metals High Purity Mercury Product Offerings
Table 48. ESPI Metals High Purity Mercury Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 49. ESPI Metals Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Ophram Company Summary
Table 51. Ophram High Purity Mercury Product Offerings
Table 52. Ophram High Purity Mercury Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Ophram Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Westlake Chemical Company Summary
Table 55. Westlake Chemical High Purity Mercury Product Offerings
Table 56. Westlake Chemical High Purity Mercury Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 57. Westlake Chemical Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Hanarotr Company Summary
Table 59. Hanarotr High Purity Mercury Product Offerings
Table 60. Hanarotr High Purity Mercury Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Hanarotr Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Pond Engineering Laboratories Company Summary
Table 63. Pond Engineering Laboratories High Purity Mercury Product Offerings
Table 64. Pond Engineering Laboratories High Purity Mercury Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 65. Pond Engineering Laboratories Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. High Purity Mercury Production Capacity (K MT) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K MT)
Table 67. Global High Purity Mercury Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 68. Global High Purity Mercury Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K MT)
Table 69. Global High Purity Mercury Production by Region, 2024-2029 (K MT)
Table 70. High Purity Mercury Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 71. High Purity Mercury Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 72. High Purity Mercury Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 73. High Purity Mercury Raw Materials
Table 74. High Purity Mercury Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 75. Typical High Purity Mercury Downstream
Table 76. High Purity Mercury Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 77. High Purity Mercury Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. High Purity Mercury Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. High Purity Mercury Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global High Purity Mercury Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global High Purity Mercury Market Size: 2022 VS 2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global High Purity Mercury Revenue, 2018-2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. High Purity Mercury Sales in Global Market: 2018-2029 (K MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by High Purity Mercury Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 10. By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 11. By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 12. By Type - Global High Purity Mercury Price (USD/MT), 2018-2029
Figure 13. By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 14. By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 15. By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 16. By Application - Global High Purity Mercury Price (USD/MT), 2018-2029
Figure 17. By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 18. By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Figure 19. By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 20. By Region - Global High Purity Mercury Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 21. By Country - North America High Purity Mercury Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 22. By Country - North America High Purity Mercury Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 23. US High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 24. Canada High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 25. Mexico High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 26. By Country - Europe High Purity Mercury Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 27. By Country - Europe High Purity Mercury Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 28. Germany High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 29. France High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 30. U.K. High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 31. Italy High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 32. Russia High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 33. Nordic Countries High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 34. Benelux High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 35. By Region - Asia High Purity Mercury Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 36. By Region - Asia High Purity Mercury Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 37. China High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 38. Japan High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 39. South Korea High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 40. Southeast Asia High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 41. India High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 42. By Country - South America High Purity Mercury Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 43. By Country - South America High Purity Mercury Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 44. Brazil High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 45. Argentina High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa High Purity Mercury Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa High Purity Mercury Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 48. Turkey High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 49. Israel High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 51. UAE High Purity Mercury Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 52. Global High Purity Mercury Production Capacity (K MT), 2018-2029
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production High Purity Mercury by Region, 2022 VS 2029
Figure 54. High Purity Mercury Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels
