Optical Dilatometers are used to measure thermal expansion and do not require specimen contact with the instrument
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Optical Dilatometers, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Optical Dilatometers. This report contains market size and forecasts of Optical Dilatometers in global, including the following market information:
Global Optical Dilatometers Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2024-2032, ($ millions)
Global Optical Dilatometers Market Sales, 2018-2023, 2024-2032, (K Units)
Global top five Optical Dilatometers companies in 2022 (%)
The global Optical Dilatometers market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2022, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million.
Vertical Segment to Reach $ Million by 2029, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of Optical Dilatometers include Waters Corporation, Linseis, Zhonghuan Furnace and Eyoung Industry, etc. in 2022, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
We surveyed the Optical Dilatometers manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Optical Dilatometers Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Optical Dilatometers Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
Vertical
Horizontal
Global Optical Dilatometers Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Optical Dilatometers Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
Glass
Ceramics
Metal
Energy
Others
Global Optical Dilatometers Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Optical Dilatometers Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies Optical Dilatometers revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Optical Dilatometers revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Key companies Optical Dilatometers sales in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), (K Units)
Key companies Optical Dilatometers sales share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Waters Corporation
Linseis
Zhonghuan Furnace
Eyoung Industry
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of Optical Dilatometers, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global Optical Dilatometers market size in revenue and volume.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Optical Dilatometers manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of Optical Dilatometers in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Global Optical Dilatometers capacity by region & country.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 11: The main points and conclusions of the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Optical Dilatometers Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Optical Dilatometers Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Optical Dilatometers Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Optical Dilatometers Market Size: 2022 VS 2032
2.2 Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2032
2.3 Global Optical Dilatometers Sales: 2018-2032
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Optical Dilatometers Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Optical Dilatometers Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Optical Dilatometers Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Optical Dilatometers Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Optical Dilatometers Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Optical Dilatometers Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Optical Dilatometers Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Optical Dilatometers Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Optical Dilatometers Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2032
4.1.2 Vertical
4.1.3 Horizontal
4.2 By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue, 2024-2032
4.2.3 By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
4.3 By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales, 2024-2032
4.3.3 By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
4.4 By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2032
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2022 & 2032
5.1.2 Glass
5.1.3 Ceramics
5.1.4 Metal
5.1.5 Energy
5.1.6 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue, 2024-2032
5.2.3 By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
5.3 By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales, 2024-2032
5.3.3 By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
5.4 By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2032
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2022 & 2032
6.2 By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue, 2024-2032
6.2.3 By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
6.3 By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales, 2024-2032
6.3.3 By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Optical Dilatometers Revenue, 2018-2032
6.4.2 By Country - North America Optical Dilatometers Sales, 2018-2032
6.4.3 US Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.4 Canada Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.5 Mexico Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Optical Dilatometers Revenue, 2018-2032
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Optical Dilatometers Sales, 2018-2032
6.5.3 Germany Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.4 France Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.5 U.K. Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.6 Italy Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.7 Russia Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.9 Benelux Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Optical Dilatometers Revenue, 2018-2032
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Optical Dilatometers Sales, 2018-2032
6.6.3 China Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.4 Japan Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.5 South Korea Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.7 India Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Optical Dilatometers Revenue, 2018-2032
6.7.2 By Country - South America Optical Dilatometers Sales, 2018-2032
6.7.3 Brazil Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7.4 Argentina Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Optical Dilatometers Revenue, 2018-2032
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Optical Dilatometers Sales, 2018-2032
6.8.3 Turkey Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.4 Israel Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.6 UAE Optical Dilatometers Market Size, 2018-2032
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Waters Corporation
7.1.1 Waters Corporation Company Summary
7.1.2 Waters Corporation Business Overview
7.1.3 Waters Corporation Optical Dilatometers Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Waters Corporation Optical Dilatometers Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Waters Corporation Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Linseis
7.2.1 Linseis Company Summary
7.2.2 Linseis Business Overview
7.2.3 Linseis Optical Dilatometers Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Linseis Optical Dilatometers Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Linseis Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Zhonghuan Furnace
7.3.1 Zhonghuan Furnace Company Summary
7.3.2 Zhonghuan Furnace Business Overview
7.3.3 Zhonghuan Furnace Optical Dilatometers Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Zhonghuan Furnace Optical Dilatometers Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Zhonghuan Furnace Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Eyoung Industry
7.4.1 Eyoung Industry Company Summary
7.4.2 Eyoung Industry Business Overview
7.4.3 Eyoung Industry Optical Dilatometers Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Eyoung Industry Optical Dilatometers Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Eyoung Industry Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Optical Dilatometers Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Optical Dilatometers Production Capacity, 2018-2032
8.2 Optical Dilatometers Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Optical Dilatometers Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Optical Dilatometers Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Optical Dilatometers Industry Value Chain
10.2 Optical Dilatometers Upstream Market
10.3 Optical Dilatometers Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Optical Dilatometers Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Optical Dilatometers in Global Market
Table 2. Top Optical Dilatometers Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Optical Dilatometers Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Optical Dilatometers Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Optical Dilatometers Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Optical Dilatometers Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Optical Dilatometers Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Optical Dilatometers Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 12. By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 14. By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 16. By Application ? Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 17. By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 19. By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 21. By Region ? Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2032
Table 22. By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 24. By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 26. By Country - North America Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 28. By Country - North America Optical Dilatometers Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Optical Dilatometers Sales, (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 30. By Country - Europe Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 32. By Country - Europe Optical Dilatometers Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Optical Dilatometers Sales, (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 34. By Region - Asia Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 36. By Region - Asia Optical Dilatometers Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Optical Dilatometers Sales, (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 38. By Country - South America Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 40. By Country - South America Optical Dilatometers Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Optical Dilatometers Sales, (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Optical Dilatometers Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Optical Dilatometers Sales, (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 46. Waters Corporation Company Summary
Table 47. Waters Corporation Optical Dilatometers Product Offerings
Table 48. Waters Corporation Optical Dilatometers Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Waters Corporation Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Linseis Company Summary
Table 51. Linseis Optical Dilatometers Product Offerings
Table 52. Linseis Optical Dilatometers Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Linseis Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Zhonghuan Furnace Company Summary
Table 55. Zhonghuan Furnace Optical Dilatometers Product Offerings
Table 56. Zhonghuan Furnace Optical Dilatometers Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 57. Zhonghuan Furnace Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Eyoung Industry Company Summary
Table 59. Eyoung Industry Optical Dilatometers Product Offerings
Table 60. Eyoung Industry Optical Dilatometers Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Eyoung Industry Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Optical Dilatometers Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K Units)
Table 63. Global Optical Dilatometers Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 64. Global Optical Dilatometers Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K Units)
Table 65. Global Optical Dilatometers Production by Region, 2024-2032 (K Units)
Table 66. Optical Dilatometers Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 67. Optical Dilatometers Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 68. Optical Dilatometers Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 69. Optical Dilatometers Raw Materials
Table 70. Optical Dilatometers Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 71. Typical Optical Dilatometers Downstream
Table 72. Optical Dilatometers Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 73. Optical Dilatometers Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Optical Dilatometers Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Optical Dilatometers Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Optical Dilatometers Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Optical Dilatometers Market Size: 2022 VS 2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue, 2018-2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Optical Dilatometers Sales in Global Market: 2018-2032 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Optical Dilatometers Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 10. By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 11. By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 12. By Type - Global Optical Dilatometers Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2032
Figure 13. By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 14. By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 15. By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 16. By Application - Global Optical Dilatometers Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2032
Figure 17. By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 18. By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2032
Figure 19. By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 20. By Region - Global Optical Dilatometers Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 21. By Country - North America Optical Dilatometers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 22. By Country - North America Optical Dilatometers Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 23. US Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 24. Canada Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 25. Mexico Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Optical Dilatometers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Optical Dilatometers Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 28. Germany Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 29. France Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 30. U.K. Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 31. Italy Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 32. Russia Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 34. Benelux Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Optical Dilatometers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Optical Dilatometers Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 37. China Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 38. Japan Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 39. South Korea Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 41. India Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 42. By Country - South America Optical Dilatometers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 43. By Country - South America Optical Dilatometers Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 44. Brazil Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 45. Argentina Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Optical Dilatometers Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Optical Dilatometers Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 48. Turkey Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 49. Israel Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 51. UAE Optical Dilatometers Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 52. Global Optical Dilatometers Production Capacity (K Units), 2018-2032
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Optical Dilatometers by Region, 2022 VS 2032
Figure 54. Optical Dilatometers Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels
