Report Overview
Oxygen free copper is produced by the direct conversion of selected refined cathodes under carefully controlled conditions to prevent any contamination of the pure oxygen-free metal during processing.
The global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) market size was estimated at USD 8556.30 million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 10592.19 million by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 2.40% during the forecast period.
North America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) market size was estimated at USD 2322.20 million in 2023, at a CAGR of 2.06% during the forecast period of 2025 through 2032.
This report provides a deep insight into the global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) market covering all its essential aspects. This ranges from a macro overview of the market to micro details of the market size, competitive landscape, development trend, niche market, key market drivers and challenges, SWOT analysis, value chain analysis, etc.
The analysis helps the reader to shape the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. Furthermore, it provides a simple framework for evaluating and accessing the position of the business organization. The report structure also focuses on the competitive landscape of the Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market, this report introduces in detail the market share, market performance, product situation, operation situation, etc. of the main players, which helps the readers in the industry to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
In a word, this report is a must-read for industry players, investors, researchers, consultants, business strategists, and all those who have any kind of stake or are planning to foray into the Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) market in any manner.
Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market: Market Segmentation Analysis
The research report includes specific segments by region (country), manufacturers, Type, and Application. Market segmentation creates subsets of a market based on product type, end-user or application, Geographic, and other factors. By understanding the market segments, the decision-maker can leverage this targeting in the product, sales, and marketing strategies. Market segments can power your product development cycles by informing how you create product offerings for different segments.
Key Company
Copper Braid Products
Farmer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
1 Research Methodology and Statistical Scope
1.1 Market Definition and Statistical Scope of Oxygen Free Copper (OFC)
1.2 Key Market Segments
1.2.1 Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Segment by Type
1.2.2 Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Segment by Application
1.3 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.3.1 Research Methodology
1.3.2 Research Process
1.3.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
1.3.4 Base Year
1.3.5 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Overview
2.1 Global Market Overview
2.1.1 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size (M USD) Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2032)
2.1.2 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2032)
2.2 Market Segment Executive Summary
2.3 Global Market Size by Region
3 Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Competitive Landscape
3.1 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Manufacturers (2019-2025)
3.2 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2025)
3.3 Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
3.4 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2025)
3.5 Manufacturers Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Sites, Area Served, Product Type
3.6 Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Competitive Situation and Trends
3.6.1 Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Concentration Rate
3.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Players Market Share by Revenue
3.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
4 Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Industry Chain Analysis
4.1 Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Industry Chain Analysis
4.2 Market Overview of Key Raw Materials
4.3 Midstream Market Analysis
4.4 Downstream Customer Analysis
5 The Development and Dynamics of Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market
5.1 Key Development Trends
5.2 Driving Factors
5.3 Market Challenges
5.4 Market Restraints
5.5 Industry News
5.5.1 New Product Developments
5.5.2 Mergers & Acquisitions
5.5.3 Expansions
5.5.4 Collaboration/Supply Contracts
5.6 Industry Policies
6 Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Segmentation by Type
6.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
6.2 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2025)
6.3 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size Market Share by Type (2019-2025)
6.4 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Price by Type (2019-2025)
7 Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Segmentation by Application
7.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
7.2 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Sales by Application (2019-2025)
7.3 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size (M USD) by Application (2019-2025)
7.4 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Growth Rate by Application (2019-2025)
8 Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Consumption by Region
8.1 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Region
8.1.1 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Region
8.1.2 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share by Region
8.2 North America
8.2.1 North America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Country
8.2.2 U.S.
8.2.3 Canada
8.2.4 Mexico
8.3 Europe
8.3.1 Europe Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Country
8.3.2 Germany
8.3.3 France
8.3.4 U.K.
8.3.5 Italy
8.3.6 Russia
8.4 Asia Pacific
8.4.1 Asia Pacific Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Region
8.4.2 China
8.4.3 Japan
8.4.4 South Korea
8.4.5 India
8.4.6 Southeast Asia
8.5 South America
8.5.1 South America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Country
8.5.2 Brazil
8.5.3 Argentina
8.5.4 Columbia
8.6 Middle East and Africa
8.6.1 Middle East and Africa Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Region
8.6.2 Saudi Arabia
8.6.3 UAE
8.6.4 Egypt
8.6.5 Nigeria
8.6.6 South Africa
9 Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Production by Region
9.1 Global Production of Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) by Region (2019-2025)
9.2 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2025)
9.3 Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
9.4 North America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production
9.4.1 North America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production Growth Rate (2019-2025)
9.4.2 North America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
9.5 Europe Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production
9.5.1 Europe Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production Growth Rate (2019-2025)
9.5.2 Europe Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
9.6 Japan Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production (2019-2025)
9.6.1 Japan Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production Growth Rate (2019-2025)
9.6.2 Japan Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
9.7 China Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production (2019-2025)
9.7.1 China Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production Growth Rate (2019-2025)
9.7.2 China Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
10 Key Companies Profile
10.1 Copper Braid Products
10.1.1 Copper Braid Products Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Basic Information
10.1.2 Copper Braid Products Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Product Overview
10.1.3 Copper Braid Products Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Product Market Performance
10.1.4 Copper Braid Products Business Overview
10.1.5 Copper Braid Products Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) SWOT Analysis
10.1.6 Copper Braid Products Recent Developments
10.2 Farmer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Introduction of the Type
Table 2. Introduction of the Application
Table 3. Market Size (M USD) Segment Executive Summary
Table 4. Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size Comparison by Region (M USD)
Table 5. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales (K MT) by Manufacturers (2019-2025)
Table 6. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2025)
Table 7. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Revenue (M USD) by Manufacturers (2019-2025)
Table 8. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2019-2025)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) as of 2022)
Table 10. Global Market Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Manufacturers (2019-2025)
Table 11. Manufacturers Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Product Type
Table 13. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Industry Chain Map of Oxygen Free Copper (OFC)
Table 16. Market Overview of Key Raw Materials
Table 17. Midstream Market Analysis
Table 18. Downstream Customer Analysis
Table 19. Key Development Trends
Table 20. Driving Factors
Table 21. Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Challenges
Table 22. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Type (K MT)
Table 23. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size by Type (M USD)
Table 24. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales (K MT) by Type (2019-2025)
Table 25. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2025)
Table 26. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size (M USD) by Type (2019-2025)
Table 27. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size Share by Type (2019-2025)
Table 28. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Price (USD/MT) by Type (2019-2025)
Table 29. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales (K MT) by Application
Table 30. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size by Application
Table 31. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Application (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Table 32. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
Table 33. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Application (2019-2025) & (M USD)
Table 34. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
Table 35. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Growth Rate by Application (2019-2025)
Table 36. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Region (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Table 37. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2025)
Table 38. North America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Country (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Table 39. Europe Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Country (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Region (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Table 41. South America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Country (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Table 42. Middle East and Africa Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales by Region (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Table 43. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production (K MT) by Region (2019-2025)
Table 44. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2025)
Table 45. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2025)
Table 46. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
Table 47. North America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
Table 48. Europe Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
Table 49. Japan Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
Table 50. China Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
Table 51. Copper Braid Products Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Basic Information
Table 52. Copper Braid Products Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Product Overview
Table 53. Copper Braid Products Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales (K MT), Revenue (M USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
Table 54. Copper Braid Products Business Overview
Table 55. Copper Braid Products Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) SWOT Analysis
Table 56. Copper Braid Products Recent Developments
Table 57. Farmer?s Copper Ltd. Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Basic Information
Table 58. Farmer?s Copper Ltd. Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Product Overview
Table 59. Farmer?s Copper Ltd. Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales (K MT), Revenue (M USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
Table 60. Farmer?s Copper Ltd. Business Overview
Table 61. Farmer?s Copper Ltd. Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) SWOT Analysis
Table 62. Farmer?s Copper Ltd. Recent Developments
Table 63. Watteredge Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Basic Information
Table 64. Watteredge Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Product Overview
Table 65. Watteredge Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales (K MT), Revenue (M USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
Table 66. Watteredge Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) SWOT Analysis
Table 67. Watteredge Business Overview
Table 68. Watteredge Recent Developments
Table 69. NBM Metals Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Basic Information
Table 70. NBM Metals Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Product Overview
Table 71. NBM Metals Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales (K MT), Revenue (M USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
Table 72. NBM Metals Business Overview
Table 73. NBM Metals Recent Developments
Table 74. Luvata Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Basic Information
Table 75. Luvata Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Product Overview
Table 76. Luvata Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales (K MT), Revenue (M USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2025)
Table 77. Luvata Business Overview
Table 78. Luvata Recent Developments
Table 79. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2032) & (K MT)
Table 80. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size Forecast by Region (2025-2032) & (M USD)
Table 81. North America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2032) & (K MT)
Table 82. North America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2032) & (M USD)
Table 83. Europe Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2032) & (K MT)
Table 84. Europe Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2032) & (M USD)
Table 85. Asia Pacific Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2032) & (K MT)
Table 86. Asia Pacific Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size Forecast by Region (2025-2032) & (M USD)
Table 87. South America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2032) & (K MT)
Table 88. South America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2032) & (M USD)
Table 89. Middle East and Africa Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Consumption Forecast by Country (2025-2032) & (Units)
Table 90. Middle East and Africa Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2032) & (M USD)
Table 91. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Forecast by Type (2025-2032) & (K MT)
Table 92. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size Forecast by Type (2025-2032) & (M USD)
Table 93. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Price Forecast by Type (2025-2032) & (USD/MT)
Table 94. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2025-2032)
Table 95. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size Forecast by Application (2025-2032) & (M USD)
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Oxygen Free Copper (OFC)
Figure 2. Data Triangulation
Figure 3. Key Caveats
Figure 4. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size (M USD), 2019-2032
Figure 5. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size (M USD) (2019-2032)
Figure 6. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales (K MT) & (2019-2032)
Figure 7. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
Figure 8. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
Figure 9. Evaluation Matrix of Regional Market Development Potential
Figure 10. Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size by Country (M USD)
Figure 11. Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 12. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 13. Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2023
Figure 14. Global Market Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 15. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Revenue in 2023
Figure 16. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
Figure 17. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Share by Type
Figure 18. Sales Market Share of Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) by Type (2019-2025)
Figure 19. Sales Market Share of Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) by Type in 2023
Figure 20. Market Size Share of Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) by Type (2019-2025)
Figure 21. Market Size Market Share of Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) by Type in 2023
Figure 22. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
Figure 23. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Share by Application
Figure 24. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
Figure 25. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share by Application in 2023
Figure 26. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
Figure 27. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Share by Application in 2023
Figure 28. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Growth Rate by Application (2019-2025)
Figure 29. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2025)
Figure 30. North America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 31. North America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share by Country in 2023
Figure 32. U.S. Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 33. Canada Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (2019-2025)
Figure 34. Mexico Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales (Units) and Growth Rate (2019-2025)
Figure 35. Europe Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 36. Europe Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share by Country in 2023
Figure 37. Germany Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 38. France Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 39. U.K. Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 40. Italy Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 41. Russia Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (K MT)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share by Region in 2023
Figure 44. China Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 45. Japan Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 46. South Korea Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 47. India Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 49. South America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (K MT)
Figure 50. South America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share by Country in 2023
Figure 51. Brazil Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 52. Argentina Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 53. Columbia Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 54. Middle East and Africa Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (K MT)
Figure 55. Middle East and Africa Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share by Region in 2023
Figure 56. Saudi Arabia Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 57. UAE Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 58. Egypt Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 59. Nigeria Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 60. South Africa Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2025) & (K MT)
Figure 61. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production Market Share by Region (2019-2025)
Figure 62. North America Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2019-2025)
Figure 63. Europe Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2019-2025)
Figure 64. Japan Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2019-2025)
Figure 65. China Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2019-2025)
Figure 66. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Forecast by Volume (2019-2032) & (K MT)
Figure 67. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Size Forecast by Value (2019-2032) & (M USD)
Figure 68. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2025-2032)
Figure 69. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Share Forecast by Type (2025-2032)
Figure 70. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Sales Forecast by Application (2025-2032)
Figure 71. Global Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) Market Share Forecast by Application (2025-2032)
