This report contains market size and forecasts of Plastic Plating Equipment in global, including the following market information:
Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2023-2030, ($ millions)
Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market Sales, 2018-2023, 2023-2030, (K Units)
Global top five Plastic Plating Equipment companies in 2022 (%)
The global Plastic Plating Equipment market was valued at million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2023-2030.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2022, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2030.
Plating Nickel Segment to Reach $ Million by 2030, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of Plastic Plating Equipment include Buffoli Group, Rex Plating, KSDW, Changzhou Techelect Electronic Equipment, Topdoer and Kisry, etc. In 2022, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
We surveyed the Plastic Plating Equipment manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2023-2030 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
Plating Nickel
Plating Copper
Plating Chrome
Other
Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2023-2030 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
ABS
PP
PA
Other
Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2023-2030 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies Plastic Plating Equipment revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Plastic Plating Equipment revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Key companies Plastic Plating Equipment sales in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), (K Units)
Key companies Plastic Plating Equipment sales share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Buffoli Group
Rex Plating
KSDW
Changzhou Techelect Electronic Equipment
Topdoer
Kisry
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Plastic Plating Equipment Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Plastic Plating Equipment Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size: 2022 VS 2030
2.2 Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2030
2.3 Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales: 2018-2030
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Plastic Plating Equipment Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Plastic Plating Equipment Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Plastic Plating Equipment Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Plastic Plating Equipment Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Plastic Plating Equipment Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Plastic Plating Equipment Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Plastic Plating Equipment Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Plastic Plating Equipment Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2030
4.1.2 Plating Nickel
4.1.3 Plating Copper
4.1.4 Plating Chrome
4.1.5 Other
4.2 By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, 2023-2030
4.2.3 By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
4.3 By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, 2023-2030
4.3.3 By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
4.4 By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2030
5 Sights By Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2022 & 2030
5.1.2 ABS
5.1.3 PP
5.1.4 PA
5.1.5 Other
5.2 By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, 2023-2030
5.2.3 By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
5.3 By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, 2023-2030
5.3.3 By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
5.4 By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2030
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2022 & 2030
6.2 By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, 2023-2030
6.2.3 By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
6.3 By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, 2023-2030
6.3.3 By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, 2018-2030
6.4.2 By Country - North America Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, 2018-2030
6.4.3 US Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.4 Canada Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.5 Mexico Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, 2018-2030
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, 2018-2030
6.5.3 Germany Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.4 France Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.5 U.K. Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.6 Italy Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.7 Russia Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.9 Benelux Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, 2018-2030
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, 2018-2030
6.6.3 China Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.4 Japan Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.5 South Korea Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.7 India Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, 2018-2030
6.7.2 By Country - South America Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, 2018-2030
6.7.3 Brazil Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.4 Argentina Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, 2018-2030
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, 2018-2030
6.8.3 Turkey Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.4 Israel Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.6 UAE Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size, 2018-2030
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Buffoli Group
7.1.1 Buffoli Group Corporate Summary
7.1.2 Buffoli Group Business Overview
7.1.3 Buffoli Group Plastic Plating Equipment Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Buffoli Group Plastic Plating Equipment Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Buffoli Group Key News
7.2 Rex Plating
7.2.1 Rex Plating Corporate Summary
7.2.2 Rex Plating Business Overview
7.2.3 Rex Plating Plastic Plating Equipment Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Rex Plating Plastic Plating Equipment Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Rex Plating Key News
7.3 KSDW
7.3.1 KSDW Corporate Summary
7.3.2 KSDW Business Overview
7.3.3 KSDW Plastic Plating Equipment Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 KSDW Plastic Plating Equipment Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 KSDW Key News
7.4 Changzhou Techelect Electronic Equipment
7.4.1 Changzhou Techelect Electronic Equipment Corporate Summary
7.4.2 Changzhou Techelect Electronic Equipment Business Overview
7.4.3 Changzhou Techelect Electronic Equipment Plastic Plating Equipment Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Changzhou Techelect Electronic Equipment Plastic Plating Equipment Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Changzhou Techelect Electronic Equipment Key News
7.5 Topdoer
7.5.1 Topdoer Corporate Summary
7.5.2 Topdoer Business Overview
7.5.3 Topdoer Plastic Plating Equipment Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Topdoer Plastic Plating Equipment Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Topdoer Key News
7.6 Kisry
7.6.1 Kisry Corporate Summary
7.6.2 Kisry Business Overview
7.6.3 Kisry Plastic Plating Equipment Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Kisry Plastic Plating Equipment Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Kisry Key News
8 Global Plastic Plating Equipment Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Plastic Plating Equipment Production Capacity, 2018-2030
8.2 Plastic Plating Equipment Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Plastic Plating Equipment Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Plastic Plating Equipment Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Plastic Plating Equipment Industry Value Chain
10.2 Plastic Plating Equipment Upstream Market
10.3 Plastic Plating Equipment Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Plastic Plating Equipment Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Plastic Plating Equipment in Global Market
Table 2. Top Plastic Plating Equipment Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Plastic Plating Equipment Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Plastic Plating Equipment Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Plastic Plating Equipment Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Plastic Plating Equipment Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 12. By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 14. By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales (K Units), 2023-2030
Table 16. By Application ? Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 17. By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 19. By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales (K Units), 2023-2030
Table 21. By Region ? Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2030
Table 22. By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 24. By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales (K Units), 2023-2030
Table 26. By Country - North America Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 28. By Country - North America Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, (K Units), 2023-2030
Table 30. By Country - Europe Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 32. By Country - Europe Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, (K Units), 2023-2030
Table 34. By Region - Asia Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 36. By Region - Asia Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, (K Units), 2023-2030
Table 38. By Country - South America Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 40. By Country - South America Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, (K Units), 2023-2030
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Plastic Plating Equipment Sales, (K Units), 2023-2030
Table 46. Buffoli Group Corporate Summary
Table 47. Buffoli Group Plastic Plating Equipment Product Offerings
Table 48. Buffoli Group Plastic Plating Equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Rex Plating Corporate Summary
Table 50. Rex Plating Plastic Plating Equipment Product Offerings
Table 51. Rex Plating Plastic Plating Equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 52. KSDW Corporate Summary
Table 53. KSDW Plastic Plating Equipment Product Offerings
Table 54. KSDW Plastic Plating Equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 55. Changzhou Techelect Electronic Equipment Corporate Summary
Table 56. Changzhou Techelect Electronic Equipment Plastic Plating Equipment Product Offerings
Table 57. Changzhou Techelect Electronic Equipment Plastic Plating Equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 58. Topdoer Corporate Summary
Table 59. Topdoer Plastic Plating Equipment Product Offerings
Table 60. Topdoer Plastic Plating Equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Kisry Corporate Summary
Table 62. Kisry Plastic Plating Equipment Product Offerings
Table 63. Kisry Plastic Plating Equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 64. Plastic Plating Equipment Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K Units)
Table 65. Global Plastic Plating Equipment Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 66. Global Plastic Plating Equipment Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K Units)
Table 67. Global Plastic Plating Equipment Production by Region, 2023-2030 (K Units)
Table 68. Plastic Plating Equipment Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 69. Plastic Plating Equipment Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 70. Plastic Plating Equipment Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 71. Plastic Plating Equipment Raw Materials
Table 72. Plastic Plating Equipment Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 73. Typical Plastic Plating Equipment Downstream
Table 74. Plastic Plating Equipment Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 75. Plastic Plating Equipment Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Plastic Plating Equipment Segment by Type
Figure 2. Plastic Plating Equipment Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Plastic Plating Equipment Market Size: 2022 VS 2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, 2018-2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Plastic Plating Equipment Sales in Global Market: 2018-2030 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 10. By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 11. By Type - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2030
Figure 12. By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 13. By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 14. By Application - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2030
Figure 15. By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 16. By Region - Global Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 17. By Country - North America Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 18. By Country - North America Plastic Plating Equipment Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 19. US Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 20. Canada Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 21. Mexico Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Plastic Plating Equipment Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 24. Germany Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 25. France Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 26. U.K. Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 27. Italy Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 28. Russia Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 30. Benelux Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Plastic Plating Equipment Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 33. China Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 34. Japan Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 35. South Korea Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 37. India Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 38. By Country - South America Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 39. By Country - South America Plastic Plating Equipment Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 40. Brazil Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 41. Argentina Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Plastic Plating Equipment Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 44. Turkey Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 45. Israel Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 47. UAE Plastic Plating Equipment Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 48. Global Plastic Plating Equipment Production Capacity (K Units), 2018-2030
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Plastic Plating Equipment by Region, 2022 VS 2030
Figure 50. Plastic Plating Equipment Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels
