This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Silver Perrhenate, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Silver Perrhenate. This report contains market size and forecasts of Silver Perrhenate in global, including the following market information:
Global Silver Perrhenate Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2024-2032, ($ millions)
Global Silver Perrhenate Market Sales, 2018-2023, 2024-2032, (Kg)
Global top five Silver Perrhenate companies in 2022 (%)
The global Silver Perrhenate market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2022, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million.
High Purity Silver Perrhenate Segment to Reach $ Million by 2032, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of Silver Perrhenate include Thermo Fisher Scientific, Merck, Santa Cruz Biotechnology and American Elements, etc. in 2022, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
We surveyed the Silver Perrhenate manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Silver Perrhenate Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ Millions) & (Kg)
Global Silver Perrhenate Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
High Purity Silver Perrhenate
Ultra High Purity Silver Perrhenate
Global Silver Perrhenate Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ Millions) & (Kg)
Global Silver Perrhenate Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
Industrial
laboratory
Global Silver Perrhenate Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ Millions) & (Kg)
Global Silver Perrhenate Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies Silver Perrhenate revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Silver Perrhenate revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Key companies Silver Perrhenate sales in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), (Kg)
Key companies Silver Perrhenate sales share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Thermo Fisher Scientific
Merck
Santa Cruz Biotechnology
American Elements
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of Silver Perrhenate, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global Silver Perrhenate market size in revenue and volume.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Silver Perrhenate manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of Silver Perrhenate in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Global Silver Perrhenate capacity by region & country.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 11: The main points and conclusions of the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Silver Perrhenate Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Silver Perrhenate Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Silver Perrhenate Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Silver Perrhenate Market Size: 2022 VS 2032
2.2 Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2032
2.3 Global Silver Perrhenate Sales: 2018-2032
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Silver Perrhenate Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Silver Perrhenate Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Silver Perrhenate Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Silver Perrhenate Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Silver Perrhenate Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Silver Perrhenate Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Silver Perrhenate Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Silver Perrhenate Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Silver Perrhenate Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2032
4.1.2 High Purity Silver Perrhenate
4.1.3 Ultra High Purity Silver Perrhenate
4.2 By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue, 2024-2032
4.2.3 By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
4.3 By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales, 2024-2032
4.3.3 By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
4.4 By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2032
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2022 & 2032
5.1.2 Industrial
5.1.3 laboratory
5.2 By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue, 2024-2032
5.2.3 By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
5.3 By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales, 2024-2032
5.3.3 By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
5.4 By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2032
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2022 & 2032
6.2 By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue, 2024-2032
6.2.3 By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
6.3 By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales, 2024-2032
6.3.3 By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Silver Perrhenate Revenue, 2018-2032
6.4.2 By Country - North America Silver Perrhenate Sales, 2018-2032
6.4.3 US Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.4 Canada Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.5 Mexico Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Silver Perrhenate Revenue, 2018-2032
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Silver Perrhenate Sales, 2018-2032
6.5.3 Germany Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.4 France Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.5 U.K. Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.6 Italy Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.7 Russia Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.9 Benelux Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Silver Perrhenate Revenue, 2018-2032
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Silver Perrhenate Sales, 2018-2032
6.6.3 China Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.4 Japan Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.5 South Korea Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.7 India Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Silver Perrhenate Revenue, 2018-2032
6.7.2 By Country - South America Silver Perrhenate Sales, 2018-2032
6.7.3 Brazil Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7.4 Argentina Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Silver Perrhenate Revenue, 2018-2032
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Silver Perrhenate Sales, 2018-2032
6.8.3 Turkey Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.4 Israel Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.6 UAE Silver Perrhenate Market Size, 2018-2032
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific
7.1.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific Company Summary
7.1.2 Thermo Fisher Scientific Business Overview
7.1.3 Thermo Fisher Scientific Silver Perrhenate Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Thermo Fisher Scientific Silver Perrhenate Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Thermo Fisher Scientific Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Merck
7.2.1 Merck Company Summary
7.2.2 Merck Business Overview
7.2.3 Merck Silver Perrhenate Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Merck Silver Perrhenate Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Merck Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Santa Cruz Biotechnology
7.3.1 Santa Cruz Biotechnology Company Summary
7.3.2 Santa Cruz Biotechnology Business Overview
7.3.3 Santa Cruz Biotechnology Silver Perrhenate Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Santa Cruz Biotechnology Silver Perrhenate Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Santa Cruz Biotechnology Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 American Elements
7.4.1 American Elements Company Summary
7.4.2 American Elements Business Overview
7.4.3 American Elements Silver Perrhenate Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 American Elements Silver Perrhenate Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 American Elements Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Silver Perrhenate Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Silver Perrhenate Production Capacity, 2018-2032
8.2 Silver Perrhenate Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Silver Perrhenate Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Silver Perrhenate Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Silver Perrhenate Industry Value Chain
10.2 Silver Perrhenate Upstream Market
10.3 Silver Perrhenate Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Silver Perrhenate Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Silver Perrhenate in Global Market
Table 2. Top Silver Perrhenate Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Silver Perrhenate Sales by Companies, (Kg), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Silver Perrhenate Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Silver Perrhenate Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Kg)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Silver Perrhenate Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Silver Perrhenate Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Silver Perrhenate Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 12. By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 14. By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales (Kg), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales (Kg), 2024-2032
Table 16. By Application ? Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 17. By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 19. By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales (Kg), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales (Kg), 2024-2032
Table 21. By Region ? Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2032
Table 22. By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 24. By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales (Kg), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales (Kg), 2024-2032
Table 26. By Country - North America Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 28. By Country - North America Silver Perrhenate Sales, (Kg), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Silver Perrhenate Sales, (Kg), 2024-2032
Table 30. By Country - Europe Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 32. By Country - Europe Silver Perrhenate Sales, (Kg), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Silver Perrhenate Sales, (Kg), 2024-2032
Table 34. By Region - Asia Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 36. By Region - Asia Silver Perrhenate Sales, (Kg), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Silver Perrhenate Sales, (Kg), 2024-2032
Table 38. By Country - South America Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 40. By Country - South America Silver Perrhenate Sales, (Kg), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Silver Perrhenate Sales, (Kg), 2024-2032
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Silver Perrhenate Sales, (Kg), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Silver Perrhenate Sales, (Kg), 2024-2032
Table 46. Thermo Fisher Scientific Company Summary
Table 47. Thermo Fisher Scientific Silver Perrhenate Product Offerings
Table 48. Thermo Fisher Scientific Silver Perrhenate Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Kg) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Thermo Fisher Scientific Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Merck Company Summary
Table 51. Merck Silver Perrhenate Product Offerings
Table 52. Merck Silver Perrhenate Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Kg) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Merck Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Santa Cruz Biotechnology Company Summary
Table 55. Santa Cruz Biotechnology Silver Perrhenate Product Offerings
Table 56. Santa Cruz Biotechnology Silver Perrhenate Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Kg) (2018-2023)
Table 57. Santa Cruz Biotechnology Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. American Elements Company Summary
Table 59. American Elements Silver Perrhenate Product Offerings
Table 60. American Elements Silver Perrhenate Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Kg) (2018-2023)
Table 61. American Elements Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Silver Perrhenate Production Capacity (Kg) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (Kg)
Table 63. Global Silver Perrhenate Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 64. Global Silver Perrhenate Production by Region, 2018-2023 (Kg)
Table 65. Global Silver Perrhenate Production by Region, 2024-2032 (Kg)
Table 66. Silver Perrhenate Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 67. Silver Perrhenate Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 68. Silver Perrhenate Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 69. Silver Perrhenate Raw Materials
Table 70. Silver Perrhenate Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 71. Typical Silver Perrhenate Downstream
Table 72. Silver Perrhenate Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 73. Silver Perrhenate Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Silver Perrhenate Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Silver Perrhenate Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Silver Perrhenate Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Silver Perrhenate Market Size: 2022 VS 2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue, 2018-2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Silver Perrhenate Sales in Global Market: 2018-2032 (Kg)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Silver Perrhenate Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 10. By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 11. By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 12. By Type - Global Silver Perrhenate Price (US$/Kg), 2018-2032
Figure 13. By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 14. By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 15. By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 16. By Application - Global Silver Perrhenate Price (US$/Kg), 2018-2032
Figure 17. By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 18. By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2032
Figure 19. By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 20. By Region - Global Silver Perrhenate Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 21. By Country - North America Silver Perrhenate Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 22. By Country - North America Silver Perrhenate Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 23. US Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 24. Canada Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 25. Mexico Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Silver Perrhenate Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Silver Perrhenate Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 28. Germany Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 29. France Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 30. U.K. Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 31. Italy Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 32. Russia Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 34. Benelux Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Silver Perrhenate Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Silver Perrhenate Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 37. China Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 38. Japan Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 39. South Korea Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 41. India Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 42. By Country - South America Silver Perrhenate Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 43. By Country - South America Silver Perrhenate Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 44. Brazil Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 45. Argentina Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Silver Perrhenate Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Silver Perrhenate Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 48. Turkey Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 49. Israel Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 51. UAE Silver Perrhenate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 52. Global Silver Perrhenate Production Capacity (Kg), 2018-2032
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Silver Perrhenate by Region, 2022 VS 2032
Figure 54. Silver Perrhenate Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels
