Vehicle roadside assistance coverage are services that assist motorists, or bicyclists, whose vehicles have suffered a mechanical failure that leaves the operator stranded.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Vehicle Roadside Assistance, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Vehicle Roadside Assistance. This report contains market size and forecasts of Vehicle Roadside Assistance in global, including the following market information:
Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2024-2029, ($ millions)
Global top five companies in 2022 (%)
The global Vehicle Roadside Assistance market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
AA company has the highest market share in the European market, followed by RACE, RAC, and ADAC.
We surveyed the Vehicle Roadside Assistance companies, and industry experts on this industry, involving the revenue, demand, product type, recent developments and plans, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2024-2029 ($ millions)
Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
Towing
Tire Replacement
Fuel Delivery
Jump Start/Pull Start
Lockout/ Replacement Key Service
Battery Assistance
Others
Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2024-2029 ($ millions)
Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
Motor Insurance Companies
Auto Manufacturers
Independent Warranty
Automotive Clubs
Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2024-2029 ($ Millions)
Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies Vehicle Roadside Assistance revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Vehicle Roadside Assistance revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
AA
RACE
RAC
ADAC
International SOS
ANWB
ARC Europe Group
ACI
TCS
Green Flag
SOS 24h Europa
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of Vehicle Roadside Assistance, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance market size in revenue.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Vehicle Roadside Assistance company competitive landscape, revenue and market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of Vehicle Roadside Assistance in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: The main points and conclusions of the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size: 2022 VS 2029
2.2 Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2029
2.3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
2.3.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
2.3.3 Market Restraints
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Vehicle Roadside Assistance Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue by Companies
3.4 Top 3 and Top 5 Vehicle Roadside Assistance Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.5 Global Companies Vehicle Roadside Assistance Product Type
3.6 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Vehicle Roadside Assistance Players in Global Market
3.6.1 List of Global Tier 1 Vehicle Roadside Assistance Companies
3.6.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Vehicle Roadside Assistance Companies
4 Market Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2029
4.1.2 Towing
4.1.3 Tire Replacement
4.1.4 Fuel Delivery
4.1.5 Jump Start/Pull Start
4.1.6 Lockout/ Replacement Key Service
4.1.7 Battery Assistance
4.1.8 Others
4.2 By Type - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, 2024-2029
4.2.3 By Type - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2022 & 2029
5.1.2 Motor Insurance Companies
5.1.3 Auto Manufacturers
5.1.4 Independent Warranty
5.1.5 Automotive Clubs
5.2 By Application - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, 2024-2029
5.2.3 By Application - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2022 & 2029
6.2 By Region - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, 2024-2029
6.2.3 By Region - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6.3 North America
6.3.1 By Country - North America Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, 2018-2029
6.3.2 US Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.3.3 Canada Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.3.4 Mexico Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 By Country - Europe Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, 2018-2029
6.4.2 Germany Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.3 France Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.4 U.K. Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.5 Italy Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.6 Russia Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.7 Nordic Countries Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.8 Benelux Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5 Asia
6.5.1 By Region - Asia Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, 2018-2029
6.5.2 China Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.3 Japan Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.4 South Korea Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.5 Southeast Asia Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.6 India Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6 South America
6.6.1 By Country - South America Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, 2018-2029
6.6.2 Brazil Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.3 Argentina Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7 Middle East & Africa
6.7.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, 2018-2029
6.7.2 Turkey Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.3 Israel Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.4 Saudi Arabia Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.5 UAE Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size, 2018-2029
7 Vehicle Roadside Assistance Companies Profiles
7.1 AA
7.1.1 AA Company Summary
7.1.2 AA Business Overview
7.1.3 AA Vehicle Roadside Assistance Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 AA Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.1.5 AA Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 RACE
7.2.1 RACE Company Summary
7.2.2 RACE Business Overview
7.2.3 RACE Vehicle Roadside Assistance Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 RACE Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.2.5 RACE Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 RAC
7.3.1 RAC Company Summary
7.3.2 RAC Business Overview
7.3.3 RAC Vehicle Roadside Assistance Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 RAC Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.3.5 RAC Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 ADAC
7.4.1 ADAC Company Summary
7.4.2 ADAC Business Overview
7.4.3 ADAC Vehicle Roadside Assistance Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 ADAC Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.4.5 ADAC Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 International SOS
7.5.1 International SOS Company Summary
7.5.2 International SOS Business Overview
7.5.3 International SOS Vehicle Roadside Assistance Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 International SOS Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.5.5 International SOS Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 ANWB
7.6.1 ANWB Company Summary
7.6.2 ANWB Business Overview
7.6.3 ANWB Vehicle Roadside Assistance Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 ANWB Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.6.5 ANWB Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 ARC Europe Group
7.7.1 ARC Europe Group Company Summary
7.7.2 ARC Europe Group Business Overview
7.7.3 ARC Europe Group Vehicle Roadside Assistance Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 ARC Europe Group Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.7.5 ARC Europe Group Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 ACI
7.8.1 ACI Company Summary
7.8.2 ACI Business Overview
7.8.3 ACI Vehicle Roadside Assistance Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 ACI Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.8.5 ACI Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 TCS
7.9.1 TCS Company Summary
7.9.2 TCS Business Overview
7.9.3 TCS Vehicle Roadside Assistance Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 TCS Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.9.5 TCS Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 Green Flag
7.10.1 Green Flag Company Summary
7.10.2 Green Flag Business Overview
7.10.3 Green Flag Vehicle Roadside Assistance Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Green Flag Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.10.5 Green Flag Key News & Latest Developments
7.11 SOS 24h Europa
7.11.1 SOS 24h Europa Company Summary
7.11.2 SOS 24h Europa Business Overview
7.11.3 SOS 24h Europa Vehicle Roadside Assistance Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 SOS 24h Europa Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.11.5 SOS 24h Europa Key News & Latest Developments
8 Conclusion
9 Appendix
9.1 Note
9.2 Examples of Clients
9.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 2. Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 3. Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 4. Key Players of Vehicle Roadside Assistance in Global Market
Table 5. Top Vehicle Roadside Assistance Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 6. Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 7. Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 8. Global Companies Vehicle Roadside Assistance Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Vehicle Roadside Assistance Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Vehicle Roadside Assistance Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 12. By Type - Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 14. By Application ? Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 15. By Application - Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 16. By Application - Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 17. By Region ? Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 18. By Region - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 19. By Region - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 20. By Country - North America Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 21. By Country - North America Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 22. By Country - Europe Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Country - Europe Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 24. By Region - Asia Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Asia Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 26. By Country - South America Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - South America Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 28. By Country - Middle East & Africa Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - Middle East & Africa Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 30. AA Company Summary
Table 31. AA Vehicle Roadside Assistance Product Offerings
Table 32. AA Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 33. AA Key News & Latest Developments
Table 34. RACE Company Summary
Table 35. RACE Vehicle Roadside Assistance Product Offerings
Table 36. RACE Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 37. RACE Key News & Latest Developments
Table 38. RAC Company Summary
Table 39. RAC Vehicle Roadside Assistance Product Offerings
Table 40. RAC Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 41. RAC Key News & Latest Developments
Table 42. ADAC Company Summary
Table 43. ADAC Vehicle Roadside Assistance Product Offerings
Table 44. ADAC Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 45. ADAC Key News & Latest Developments
Table 46. International SOS Company Summary
Table 47. International SOS Vehicle Roadside Assistance Product Offerings
Table 48. International SOS Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 49. International SOS Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. ANWB Company Summary
Table 51. ANWB Vehicle Roadside Assistance Product Offerings
Table 52. ANWB Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 53. ANWB Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. ARC Europe Group Company Summary
Table 55. ARC Europe Group Vehicle Roadside Assistance Product Offerings
Table 56. ARC Europe Group Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 57. ARC Europe Group Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. ACI Company Summary
Table 59. ACI Vehicle Roadside Assistance Product Offerings
Table 60. ACI Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 61. ACI Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. TCS Company Summary
Table 63. TCS Vehicle Roadside Assistance Product Offerings
Table 64. TCS Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 65. TCS Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Green Flag Company Summary
Table 67. Green Flag Vehicle Roadside Assistance Product Offerings
Table 68. Green Flag Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 69. Green Flag Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. SOS 24h Europa Company Summary
Table 71. SOS 24h Europa Vehicle Roadside Assistance Product Offerings
Table 72. SOS 24h Europa Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 73. SOS 24h Europa Key News & Latest Developments
List of Figures
Figure 1. Vehicle Roadside Assistance Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Vehicle Roadside Assistance Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Market Size: 2022 VS 2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, 2018-2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue in 2022
Figure 8. By Type - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 9. By Application - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 10. By Type - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 11. By Type - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 12. By Application - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 13. By Application - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 14. By Region - Global Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 15. By Country - North America Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 16. US Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 17. Canada Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 18. Mexico Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 19. By Country - Europe Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 20. Germany Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 21. France Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 22. U.K. Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 23. Italy Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 24. Russia Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 25. Nordic Countries Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 26. Benelux Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 27. By Region - Asia Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 28. China Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 29. Japan Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 30. South Korea Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 31. Southeast Asia Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 32. India Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 33. By Country - South America Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 34. Brazil Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 35. Argentina Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 36. By Country - Middle East & Africa Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 37. Turkey Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 38. Israel Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 39. Saudi Arabia Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 40. UAE Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 41. AA Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 42. RACE Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 43. RAC Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 44. ADAC Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 45. International SOS Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 46. ANWB Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 47. ARC Europe Group Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 48. ACI Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 49. TCS Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 50. Green Flag Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 51. SOS 24h Europa Vehicle Roadside Assistance Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
